A resistor is a passive electronic component that limits the flow of electric current in a circuit. It helps control voltage levels and protect other components from excessive current.

Capacitors store electrical energy in an electric field created between two conductive plates separated by an insulating material (dielectric). When voltage is applied, electrons accumulate on one plate, creating a charge that can be released when needed.

A diode allows current to flow in one direction only, acting as a one-way valve. This prevents damage to components from reverse voltage and is essential in rectifying alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC).

Transistors are versatile components used as switches or amplifiers in electronic circuits. They can control the flow of current, making them crucial for signal processing and digital logic.

An integrated circuit (IC) is a compact assembly of various electronic components, such as transistors, resistors, and capacitors, on a single chip. ICs are used to perform specific functions and are found in virtually all modern electronic devices.